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BRAIN MALFORMATIONS
What are various abnormalities of the brain?
There are several abnormalities of brain that can occur in a child. Some may be present right from birth such as neuronal heterotropia, lissencephaly (pronounced as lis-n-kaph-a-lee), pachygyria, schizencephaly (pronounced as she-zen-kaph-a-lee), agenesis of corpus callosum holoprosencephaly and anencephaly. Some abnormalities of brain can occur over a period of time such as microcephaly, craniosynostosis (pronounced as cray-ni-o-sin-os-toe-cis), porencephaly and macrocephaly.
What is neuronal heterotropia?
The brain cells are called neurons when the brain is developing in the fetus, (baby in the womb) these neurons migrate towards the periphery of the brain. When these neurons are unable to migrate, they remain within the substance of the brain. Heterotropias can lead to fits and learning disability.
What is lissencephaly?
The normal brain is shaped like a walnut with creases (known as gyri) and crevices (known as sulci). When there is absence of sulci and gyri, it is known as lissencephaly. The surface of the brain thus appears smooth. In most patients, why lissencephaly occurs is not known but in 15-20%, a genetic cause in chromosome 17 is suspected. Patients have mental retardation and seizures.
Figure 1: Lissencephaly
There are several abnormalities of brain that can occur in a child. Some may be present right from birth such as neuronal heterotropia, lissencephaly (pronounced as lis-n-kaph-a-lee), pachygyria, schizencephaly (pronounced as she-zen-kaph-a-lee), agenesis of corpus callosum holoprosencephaly and anencephaly. Some abnormalities of brain can occur over a period of time such as microcephaly, craniosynostosis (pronounced as cray-ni-o-sin-os-toe-cis), porencephaly and macrocephaly.
What is neuronal heterotropia?
The brain cells are called neurons when the brain is developing in the fetus, (baby in the womb) these neurons migrate towards the periphery of the brain. When these neurons are unable to migrate, they remain within the substance of the brain. Heterotropias can lead to fits and learning disability.
What is lissencephaly?
The normal brain is shaped like a walnut with creases (known as gyri) and crevices (known as sulci). When there is absence of sulci and gyri, it is known as lissencephaly. The surface of the brain thus appears smooth. In most patients, why lissencephaly occurs is not known but in 15-20%, a genetic cause in chromosome 17 is suspected. Patients have mental retardation and seizures.
Figure 1: Lissencephaly
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